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Travail colossal entrepris par G.Miller Psychologue et psycholinguiste et son équipe pour structurer le lexique anglais de manière globale (les mêmes méthodes sont appliquées à tous les mots), logique (les relations lexicales sont validées informatiquement) et exhaustives (c’est gros, bien qu’on ne donne pas le nombre d’articles).
Les mots sont classés selon leur catégorie syntaxique (ex : crawl, nom et verbe) puis selon leurs sens (critère ?).
Les sens ne sont pas hiérarchisés (contrairement à un dico classique) mais sont présentés par ordre de fréquence statistique. Exemple d’article :
Overview for "crawl"
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The verb "crawl" has 5 senses in WordNet. Top of Form Search for of senses Bottom of Form |
Selon que les relations que possède un mot (par exemple, il n’y a pas d’hyperonyme ou d’hyponyme pour un adjectif, étonnant, n’est-ce pas ?) on peut demander les hyperonymes, hyponymes (=troponymes pour les verbes), antonymes, synonymes, les co-hyponymes (membres de la même classe sémantique… d’un des sens du mot (il faut préciser lequel en entrant le chiffre correspondant). Voici par exemple la requête pour les hyperonymes du sens 1 de crawl :
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Results for "Hypernyms (this is one way to...)" search of verb "crawl" Sense 1 crawl, creep --(move slowly; in the case of people or animals with the body near the ground; "The crocodile was crawling along the riverbed") => travel, go, move, locomote -- (change location; move, travel, or proceed; "How fast does your new car go?"; "We travelled from Rome to Naples by bus"; "The policemen went from door to door looking for the suspect";"The soldiers moved towards the city in an attempt to take it before night fell") |
On vous présente un rappel du sens de la requête (les sens 1 de crawl), puis les hyperonymes (=>) et, s’il y a lieu les hyperonymes des hyperonymes. Les hyperonymes de crawl sont travel, go, move, locomote. En effet, on vérifie l’inférence et la paraphrase suivantes:
The crocodile was crawling along the riverbed |- The crocodile went/traveled/moved along the riverbed
To crawl is one way to move/go/travel
Si on fait la requite pour les elements de la classe sémantique de crawl, ceux qui partagent le même hyperonyme (les co-hyponymes ou les termes coordonnés), on obtient la liste des verbes de déplacement (3 pages !), dont voici quelques uns. On vous rappelle le sens retenu et on vous indique les hyperonymes (ici travel, go, move, locomote puis les éléments du champs sémantiques). Il n’y a personne dans la «boîte noire» et c’est l’ordinateur qui répond à partir de la structure lexicale:
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Results for "Coordinate Terms" search of verb "crawl"
Sense 1 crawl, creep -- (move slowly; in the case of people or animals with the body near the ground; "The crocodile was crawling along the riverbed") -> travel, go, move, locomote -- (change location; move, travel, or proceed; "How fast does your new car go?"; "We travelled from Rome to Naples by bus"; "The policemen went from door to door looking for the suspect";"The soldiers moved towards the city in an attempt to take it before night fell") => go around, spread, circulate -- (become widely known and passed on; "the rumor spread"; "the story went around in the office") => carry -- (cover a certain distance or advance beyond, as of a ball in golf; "The drive carried to the green") => trail -- (drag along heavily or wearily; "The tired man seemed to trail his limbs after himself") => ease -- (move gently or carefully; "He eased himself into the chair") => whish -- (move with a whishing sound; "The car whished past her") => float -- (move lightly, as if suspended; "The dancer floated across the stage") => swap -- (move (a piece of a program) into memory, in computer science) => seek -- (go to or towards; "a liquid seeks its own level") => whine -- (move with a whining sound; "The bullets were whining past us") => fly -- (be dispersed or disseminated; "Rumors and accusations are flying") => ride -- (move like a floating object; "The moon rode high in the night sky") => come -- (cover a certain distance; "She came a long way") => ghost -- (move like a ghost; "The masked men ghosted across the moonlit yard") => betake oneself -- (displace oneself; go from one location to another) => pass
over, overfly -- (fly over; "The plane passed
over => travel -- (undergo transportation, as in a vehicle) => wend -- (direct one's course or way) => do -- (travel or traverse (a distance) "This car does 150 miles per hour"; "We did 6 miles on our hike every day") => raft
-- (travel by raft in water; "Raft the => get around, get about -- (move around; move from place to place; "How does she get around without a car?") => repair to, resort to, go to -- (move, travel, or proceed toward some place; "He repaired to his cabin in the woods") => cruise -- (travel at a moderate speed; of vessels or airplanes) => travel, journey -- (travel upon or across; "travel the oceans") => come, come up -- (move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody; "He came singing down the road"; "Come with me to the Casbah"; "come down here!"; "come out of the closet!"; "come into the room") => round -- (wind around; move along a circular course) => trundle -- (move heavily; of vehicles, such as streetcars) => travel purposefully -- (travel volitionally and in a certain direction with a certain goal) => swing -- (change direction with a swinging motion; turn; "swing back"; "swing forward") => wander, swan, stray, tramp, roam, cast, ramble, rove, range, drift, vagabond -- (move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment; "The gypsies roamed the woods"; "roving vagabonds"; "the wandering Jew"; "The cattle roam across the prairie"; "the laborers drift from one town to the next") => walk, take the air -- (take a walk; go for a walk; walk for pleasure; "The lovers held hands while walking"; "We like to walk every Sunday") => weave, wind, thread, meander, wander -- (to move or cause to move in a sinuous, spiral, or circular course; "the river winds through the hills"; "the path meanders through the vineyards"; "sometimes, the gout wanders through the entire body") => forge, spurt, spirt -- (move with increasing speed) => crawl, creep -- (move slowly; in the case of people or animals with the body near the ground; "The crocodile was crawling along the riverbed") => scramble -- (to move hurriedly; "The friend scrambled after them.") => slither, slide -- (to pass or move unobtrusively or smoothly; "They slid through the wicket in the big gate,") => wheel, roll -- (move along on or as if on wheels or a wheeled vehicle; "The President's convoy rolled past the crowds") => glide -- (move smoothly and effortlessly) => bounce, jounce -- (move up and down repeatedly) => breeze -- (to proceed quickly and easily) => float, drift, be adrift, blow -- (be in motion due to some air or water current; "The leaves were blowing in the wind"; "the boat drifted on the lake"; "The sailboat was adrift on the open sea"; "the shipwrecked boat drifted away from the shore") => play -- (move or seem to move quickly, lightly, or irregularly; "The spotlights played on the politicians") => float, swim -- (be afloat; stay on a liquid surface; not sink) => walk -- (use one's feet to advance; advance by steps; "Walk, don't run!"; "We walked instead of driving"; "She walks with a slight limp"; "The patient cannot walk yet"; "Walk over to the cabinet") => turn, move around -- (pass to the other side of; "turn the corner"; "move around the obstacle") => circle -- (travel around something; "circle the globe") => slice into, slice through -- (e.g., move through a body or an object with a slicing motion; "His hand sliced through the air") => stray, err, drift -- (wander from a direct course or at random; "The child strayed from the path and her parents lost sight of her"; "don't drift from the set course") => run
-- (travel rapidly, by any (unspecified) means; "Run to the store!";
"She always runs to => step -- (take a step) => drive,
motor -- (travel or be transported in a vehicle; "We drove to the
university every morning"; "They motored to => automobile -- (travel in an automobile) => ski
-- (move along on skis; "We love to ski the => fly, wing -- (travel through the air; be airborne; "Man cannot fly") => steam -- (travel by means of steam power; "The ship steamed off into the Pacific") => taxi -- (travel slowly; "The plane taxied down the runway") => ferry -- (travel by ferry) => ride, sit -- (sit and travel on the back of animal, usually while controlling its motions; "She never sat a horse!"; "Did you ever ride a camel?"; "The girl liked to drive the young mare") => prance -- (spring foward on the hind legs; "The young horse was prancing in the meadow") => swim -- (travel through water; "We had to swim for 20 minutes to reach the shore") => rise, lift, arise, move up, go up, come up, uprise -- (move upward; "The fog lifted"; "The smoke arose from the forest fire"; "The mist uprose from the meadows") => ascend, go up -- (travel up, "We ascended the mountain"; "go up a ladder"; "The mountaineers slowly ascended the steep slope") => descend, fall, go down, come down -- (move downward and lower, but not necessarily all the way; "The temperature is going down"; "The barometer is falling"; "The curtain fell on the diva"; "Her hand went up and then fell again") => fall -- (descend in free fall under the influence of gravity; "The branch fell from the tree"; "The unfortunate hiker fell into a crevasse") => zigzag, crank -- (travel along a zigzag path; "The river zigzags through the countryside") => follow, travel along -- (travel along a certain course; "follow the road"; "follow the trail") => advance, progress, pass on, move on, march on, go on -- (move forward, also in the metaphorical sense; "Time marches on") => withdraw, retreat, pull away, draw back, recede, pull back, retire, move back -- (pull back or move away or backward; "The enemy withdrew"; "The limo pulled away from the curb") => retrograde -- (move in a direction contrary to the usual one; of stars and planets) => proceed, go forward, continue -- (move ahead; travel onward in time or space;
"We proceeded towards => back -- (travel backward; "back into the driveway"; "The car backed up and hit the tree") => pan -- (make a sweeping movement; "The camera panned across the room") => follow -- (to travel behind, go after, come after; "The ducklings followed their mother around the pond"; "Please follow the guide through the museum") => precede, lead -- (move ahead (of others) in time or space) => pursue, follow -- (follow in or as if in pursuit; "The police car pursued the suspected attacker"; "Her bad deed followed her and haunted her dreams all her life") => return, go back, get back, come back -- (come back to place where one has been before, or return to a previous activity) => derail, jump -- (run off or leave the rails; "the train derailed because a cow was standing on the tracks") => flock -- (move as a crowd or in a group; "Tourists flocked to the shrine where the statue was said to have shed tears") => accompany -- (go or travel along with; "The nurse accompanied the old lady everywhere") => billow -- (move with great difficulty; "The soldiers billowed across the muddy riverbed") => circulate -- (move around freely; "She circulates among royalty") => circle, circulate -- (move in circles) => angle -- (move or proceed at an angle; "he angled his way into the room") => pass, go through, go across -- (go across or through; "We passed the point where the police car had parked"; "A terrible thought went through his mind") => travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by, pass -- (pass by; "A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window"; "He passed his professor in the hall"; "One line of soldiers surpassed the other") => travel rapidly, speed, hurry, zip -- (move very fast; "The runner zipped past us at breakneck speed") => speed -- (travel at an excessive or illegal velocity; "I got a ticket for speeding") => zoom -- (move noisily, as of aircraft) => drive -- (move by being propelled by a force; "The car drove around the corner") => rush, hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, race, pelt along, rush along, cannonball along, bucket along, belt along -- (step on it; "He rushed down the hall to receive his guests"; "The cars raced down the street") => trail, trudge, shack -- (to walk or proceed draggingly, slowly; "Snow buried the streets and covered the slanting rooftops, as John trudged toward St. Peter's.") => shuttle -- (travel back and forth between two points) => hiss, whoosh -- (move with a whooshing sound) => whisk -- (move quickly and nimbly; "He whisked into the house") => career -- (move headlong at high speed; "The cars careered down the road"; "The mob careered through the streets") => circuit -- (make a circuit; "They were circuiting about the state") => lance -- (move quickly, as if by cutting one's way; "Planes lanced towards the shore") => outflank, go around -- (go around the flank of (an opposing army)) => propagate -- (travel through the air; "sound and light propagate in this medium") => draw -- (move or go steadily or gradually; "The ship drew near the shore") => transfer,
change -- (change from one vehicle or transportation line to another; "She
changed in => swash -- (make violent, noisy movements) => pace -- (go at a pace, as of a horse) => step, tread -- (put down the foot, place the foot; "For fools rush in where angels fear to tread") => hurtle -- (move with or as if with a rushing sound; "The cars hurtled by") => retreat -- (move away, as for privacy; "The Pope retreats to Castelgondolfo every summer") => whistle -- (move with, or as with, a whistling sound; "The bullets whistled past him") => island hop -- (travel from one island to the next, as on a cruise) => plow, plough -- (move in a way resembling that of a plow cutting into or going through the soil; "The ship plowed through the water") => lurch, stagger -- (move slowly and unsteadily; "The truck lurched down the road") => rip, tear -- (move precipitously or violently; "The tornado ripped along the coast") => sift -- (move as if through a sieve; "The soldiers sifted through the woods") => fall -- (move in a specified direction; "The line of men fall forward") => drag -- (move slowly and as if with great effort) => run -- (move about freely and without restraint, or act as if running around in an uncontrolled way; "who are these people running around in the building?"; "She runs around telling everyone of her troubles"; "let the dogs run free") => bang -- (move noisily; "The window banged shut"; "The old man banged around the house") => precess -- (move in a gyrating fashion; "the poles of the Earth precess at a right angle to the force that is applied") => travel, move around -- (travel from place to place, as for the purpose of finding work, preaching, or acting as a judge) => ride -- (sit on and control a vehicle; "He rides his bicycle to work every day"; "She loves to ride her new motorcycle through town") => snowshoe -- (travel on snowshoes; "After a heavy snowfall, we have to snowshoe to the grocery store") => beetle -- (fly or go in a manner resembling a beetle; "He beetled up the staircase"; "They beetled off home")
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